With molybdenum at their core, the catalysts have now proven capable of generating the higher-energy isomer of an alkene molecule from two simpler and much more readily accessible terminal versions, the team reports in an article in a recent edition of the journal.
Carbon-carbon double bonds, also referred to as alkenes or olefins, are present in many medicinally relevant and biologically active molecules. Co-author Richard Schrock of MIT shared the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering one of the earliest types of olefin metathesis catalysts.
Alkenes exist as either the zigzag shaped trans olefin, or the E isomer, while others take the "U" shape of the cis olefin, or the higher-energy Z isomer. Catalytic methods for the synthesis of Z alkenes, particularly through olefin metathesis, have been sought after by many research teams in the world but had thus far proved elusive, said Amir Hoveyda, the primary author of the paper and the Joseph T. and Patricia Vanderslice Millennium Professor of Chemistry at Boston College.
Z isomers require a catalyst that must be sufficiently active to be capable of promoting the chemical reaction while maintaining the cis olefin's U-shape geometry. Preserving both characteristics in a catalyst leads to reactions that deliver Z-alkenes, which can be found in a large number of medicinally significant molecules and are used as starting materials for some of the most commonly used transformations in chemistry.
"These higher energy carbon-carbon double bonds are incredibly important to chemists and researchers in various areas such as medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, organic synthesis and materials research," said Hoveyda. "The trick here was to come up with a catalyst that is active enough to promote Z-alkene formation but not too active to also want to react with the product. So, in a way, we had to walk on a very tight rope. Olefin metathesis is a reversible reaction and you always run the risk of going back and forth between product and starting material, which forces you to end up with a lower energy and less desirable isomer. What we have found are catalysts that are sufficiently active to promote this difficult reaction but are also discriminating enough not to go after the product and cause it to isomerize."
Using the highly abundant and inexpensive metal molybdenum, Hoveyda and his colleagues show the catalyst can produce a Z-selective "cross metathesis" reaction -- an olefin metathesis reaction in which two different alkene-containing molecules are fused into a single molecule, generating only ethylene, the smallest possible alkene-containing molecule, as the byproduct. By simply running their reactions in a vacuum, the team discovered that removal of generated olefin can significantly improve the desired process and yield unprecedented levels of reactivity and selectivity.
The researchers demonstrated the special versatility of their new catalytic method through synthesis of a potent antioxidant plasmalogen phospholipid, molecules critical to cellular function that have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, as well as the potent immunostimulant KRN7000, which has been shown to combat tumors, autoimmune disease and graft-versus-host disease in mice.
The synthesis of such biologically relevant molecules further proves the far-reaching importance of olefin metathesis, Hoveyda said. In the case of the anti-oxidant, the carbon-carbon double bond marked the end-point in the creation of the compound. For the immunostimulant, the creation of the Z double bond proved to be most critical in subsequent structural modifications required to reach the final target.
Story Source:
The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations) from materials provided by Boston College, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Journal Reference:
Simon J. Meek, Robert V. O’Brien, Josep Llaveria, Richard R. Schrock, Amir H. Hoveyda. Catalytic Z-selective olefin cross-metathesis for natural product synthesis. Nature, 2011; 471 (7339): 461 DOI: 10.1038/nature09957
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